----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      name:  CSES_Log
       log:  C:\PSRM Replication Files\CSES_analysis.log
  log type:  text
 opened on:  16 May 2017, 08:51:11

. 
. *** Load TSCS panel dataset
. use "CSES.dta", clear

. 
. *************************************************************************************************
. *** Generate 'between' terns (discarding all longitutional information at the national level) ***
. *************************************************************************************************
. *** Notes: The between terms are used to discard all longitudional information at the contextual level, only country averages will be compared.
. ***        The estimation of interaction terms, squared terms and logged variables need to be done before with the original data!
. 
. *** Generation of squared term
. gen govfrac_sq=govfrac*govfrac

. gen ENEP1_sq=ENEP1*ENEP1

. gen GALLAGH_sq=GALLAGH*GALLAGH

. 
. *** Generation of interaction term
. gen govfrac_GALLAGH=govfrac*GALLAGH

. gen ENEP1_gallager=ENEP1*GALLAGH

. 
. *** Generation of logged term
. gen tier1_avemag_log=log(tier1_avemag)

. 
. *** Between terms
. egen gpd_percap_mean = mean(wdi_gdppccur), by(country)

. egen growth_rate_mean = mean(growth_rate), by(country)

. egen ENEP1_mean = mean(ENEP1), by(country)

. egen ENPP1_mean = mean(ENPP1), by(country)

. egen Gallagindex_mean = mean(GALLAGH), by(country)

. egen GALLAGH_sq_mean = mean(GALLAGH_sq), by(country)

. egen GOVFRAC_mean = mean(govfrac), by(country)

. egen icrg_qog_mean = mean(icrg_qog), by(country)

. egen govfrac_sq_mean = mean(govfrac_sq), by(country)

. egen ENEP1_sq_mean = mean(ENEP1_sq), by(country)

. egen govfrac_GALLAGH_mean = mean(govfrac_GALLAGH), by(country)

. egen ENEP1_gallager_mean = mean(ENEP1_gallager), by(country)

. egen tier1_avemag_mean = mean(tier1_avemag), by(country)

. egen tier1_avemag_log_mean = mean(tier1_avemag_log), by(country)

. 
. **********************************************
. *** Standardization of Continous Variables ***
. **********************************************
. *** Note: All standardized variables have the prefix zee_ 
. norm gpd_percap_mean, method(zee)

. norm growth_rate_mean, method(zee)

. norm ENEP1_mean, method(zee)

. norm ENEP1_sq_mean, method(zee)

. norm ENPP1_mean, method(zee)

. norm ENEP1_gallager_mean, method(zee)

. norm Gallagindex_mean, method(zee)

. norm GALLAGH_sq_mean, method(zee)

. norm GOVFRAC_mean, method(zee)

. norm icrg_qog_mean , method(zee)

. norm tier1_avemag_mean , method(zee)

. norm tier1_avemag_log_mean , method(zee)

. norm govfrac_GALLAGH_mean , method(zee)

. norm Age , method(zee)

. norm Household_Income , method(zee)

. norm Left_Right_Self , method(zee)

. norm political_efficacy , method(zee)

. norm Congruence , method(zee)

. norm repesentation_deficit, method(zee)

. 
. ********************************************************
. *** Table 2: Multilevel Analysis of the CSES Dataset ***
. ********************************************************
. *** Notes: estat ic and estat icc are used to estimate the AIC and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient after each model
. ***        The country-year level=election level
. ***        The table has been created based on the information conveyed by outreg2 and the Stata output (Variance components, Log likelihood, AIC and ICCs)
. 
. *** Model 4 (Null)
. xtmixed  SWD  || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -90491.775  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -90491.775  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(0)       =         .
Log likelihood = -90491.775                     Prob > chi2        =         .

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
         SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
       _cons |   2.633806   .0513276    51.31   0.000     2.533205    2.734406
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0862955     .02314        .05102     .145961
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0266041   .0050854      .0182911    .0386951
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .5027278   .0024549      .4979392    .5075625
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) = 14200.20   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table 2.out",   replace ctitle(Model 4)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic // Get AIC values

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -90491.78      4     180991.6    181028.9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc // Get Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the country-level

Intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |    .140175    .032474        .08771    .2165725
        country_year|country |   .1833896   .0306874      .1306558    .2512557
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. display 1-0.1833896 // Estimate ICC for the respondent level
.8166104

. display 0.1833896-0.140175 // Estimate ICC for the election level
.0432146

. 
. *** Notes on the ICCs: estat icc provides two values (country and elec_id|country). The ICC values for "country" provides information about the share of variation that can 
. *   be attributed to the county-level (=ICC Country in Table 2, Model 4). 
. *   "country_year|country" provides the information about how much variation can be attributed jointly to to the country-level and the election-level(election-level=country-year in this dataset)
> .
. *   To estimate the ICC for the respondent level, simply substract the variation that can be attributed to the country-level and election-level (country_year|country) from the total varition 1.
. *   ICC respondent = 1-0.1833896 = 0.8166104.
. *   To get the ICC for the election-level, substract the variation attributable to the country-level (country) from the shared variation of the country and election-level (elec_id|country).
. *   ICC Election = 0.1833896-0.140175 = 0.0432146
. 
. *** Model 5: Individual Level
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit || 
> country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88652.468  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88652.468  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(12)      =   3760.49
Log likelihood = -88652.468                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |   -.005387   .0025958    -2.08   0.038    -.0104747   -.0002992
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |   -.029747   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0392103   -.0202836
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0454363   .0070034    -6.49   0.000    -.0591628   -.0317099
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0181899   .0063632    -2.86   0.004    -.0306615   -.0057183
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400525    .002601    15.40   0.000     .0349545    .0451504
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521549   .0025341    20.58   0.000     .0471882    .0571216
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673649   .0025148    26.79   0.000      .062436    .0722938
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277314   .0026708    10.38   0.000     .0224968     .032966
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |    .073577   .0052088    14.13   0.000      .063368    .0837861
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0738597    .008102     9.12   0.000     .0579801    .0897393
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1574977   .0066287    23.76   0.000     .1445057    .1704897
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0166942   .0031037    -5.38   0.000    -.0227774    -.010611
                              _cons |   2.558173   .0522233    48.99   0.000     2.455817    2.660529
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0891187   .0236278      .0530019    .1498463
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0246436   .0047254      .0169233    .0358858
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811761   .0023497      .4765927    .4858035
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) = 13942.89   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table 2.out",   append ctitle(Model 5)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88652.47     16     177336.9    177486.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .1497949    .033919      .0946436    .2289568
        country_year|country |    .191217   .0320836      .1360225    .2620158
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 6: Individual Level + Contextual Level
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88629.939  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88629.939  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(19)      =   3846.02
Log likelihood = -88629.939                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054375   .0025956    -2.09   0.036    -.0105248   -.0003501
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |   -.029733   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0391963   -.0202698
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |   -.045059   .0070018    -6.44   0.000    -.0587823   -.0313358
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0180348   .0063626    -2.83   0.005    -.0305052   -.0055644
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400971   .0026009    15.42   0.000     .0349994    .0451947
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521834   .0025336    20.60   0.000     .0472177     .057149
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673499   .0025148    26.78   0.000      .062421    .0722787
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277493   .0026707    10.39   0.000     .0225148    .0329837
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0737649   .0052081    14.16   0.000     .0635572    .0839727
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0736436   .0081011     9.09   0.000     .0577658    .0895214
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1572494   .0066283    23.72   0.000     .1442582    .1702405
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0168376    .003104    -5.42   0.000    -.0229213   -.0107538
                   zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.1105396   .0335947    -3.29   0.001    -.1763839   -.0446953
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |   -.107447    .035559    -3.02   0.003    -.1771413   -.0377528
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0744129   .0676512    -1.10   0.271    -.2070068     .058181
                                 2  |   .0852095   .0853652     1.00   0.318    -.0821032    .2525223
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |    .161925   .0495946     3.26   0.001     .0647214    .2591286
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0939672   .0274145     3.43   0.001     .0402357    .1476987
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1250838   .0447693     2.79   0.005     .0373375      .21283
                              _cons |   2.652555   .0413234    64.19   0.000     2.571563    2.733548
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0185107   .0073093      .0085371    .0401361
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0246538   .0047154      .0169465    .0358665
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |    .481177   .0023497      .4765936    .4858045
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  4996.33   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table 2.out",   append ctitle(Model 6)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88629.94     23     177305.9    177520.7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0353028   .0135468      .0165046    .0739026
        country_year|country |   .0823214   .0129983      .0601743    .1116513
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 7: Individual Level + Contextual Level + Cross-Level Interaction
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean c.zee_rep
> esentation_deficit##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance
note: zee_GOVFRAC_mean omitted because of collinearity

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood =  -88584.97  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood =  -88584.97  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(22)      =   3940.39
Log likelihood =  -88584.97                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                                       zee_Age |  -.0059241   .0025956    -2.28   0.022    -.0110113   -.0008369
                                               |
                                        Gender |
                                    1. FEMALE  |   -.029849   .0048257    -6.19   0.000    -.0393072   -.0203907
                                               |
                                     Education |
                                   1. Primary  |  -.0452778   .0069983    -6.47   0.000    -.0589942   -.0315614
                                 2. Secondary  |  -.0189671   .0063602    -2.98   0.003    -.0314328   -.0065014
                                               |
                          zee_Household_Income |   .0395736   .0026017    15.21   0.000     .0344744    .0446728
                           zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0516402   .0025419    20.32   0.000     .0466581    .0566223
                        zee_political_efficacy |   .0670605    .002514    26.68   0.000     .0621333    .0719878
                                zee_Congruence |   .0289039   .0026725    10.82   0.000      .023666    .0341418
                                               |
                          party_identification |
                             Close to a party  |   .0741238    .005206    14.24   0.000     .0639203    .0843273
                                               |
                                 Winner_PM_Cat |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0768969   .0094907     8.10   0.000     .0582956    .0954983
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1492827   .0066952    22.30   0.000     .1361603     .162405
                                               |
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.0913477    .033674    -2.71   0.007    -.1573475   -.0253478
                                               |
              Winner_PM_Cat#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |  -.0165068   .0096631    -1.71   0.088    -.0354462    .0024326
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |  -.0398334    .006762    -5.89   0.000    -.0530867   -.0265802
                                               |
                     zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0438056   .0046248    -9.47   0.000      -.05287   -.0347412
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |          0  (omitted)
                                               |
c.zee_repesentation_deficit#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |   -.036839   .0040126    -9.18   0.000    -.0447036   -.0289744
                                               |
                          zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.1084925   .0354883    -3.06   0.002    -.1780483   -.0389367
                                               |
                                        regime |
                                            1  |  -.0794824   .0675125    -1.18   0.239    -.2118044    .0528397
                                            2  |   .0862847   .0852031     1.01   0.311    -.0807103    .2532798
                                               |
                           zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1632434   .0494975     3.30   0.001       .06623    .2602567
                          zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0949795   .0273574     3.47   0.001       .04136     .148599
                             zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1263064   .0446768     2.83   0.005     .0387414    .2138714
                                         _cons |   2.662238   .0412558    64.53   0.000     2.581378    2.743097
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0184346   .0072982      .0084848     .040052
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0245452   .0047011      .0168631    .0357268
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4806637   .0023472      .4760852    .4852862
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  4986.45   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table 2.out",   append ctitle(Model 7)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88584.97     26     177221.9    177464.7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0352044    .013546      .0164245    .0738454
        country_year|country |   .0820783   .0129762      .0599734    .1113653
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. ******************************
. *** Generation of Figure 3 ***
. ******************************
. *** Notes: For better interpretation the marginal effects plots are based on unstandardized coefficients for government fractionalization.
. ***        Figure 3 has been formatted with the Graph Editor afterwards. The corresponding .gph files have been uploaded in the folder "Figures and Tables".
. 
. *** Model 7: Individual Level + Contextual Level + Cross-Level Interaction
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat##c.GOVFRAC_mean c.zee_repesen
> tation_deficit##c.GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance
note: GOVFRAC_mean omitted because of collinearity

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood =  -88584.97  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood =  -88584.97  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(22)      =   3940.39
Log likelihood =  -88584.97                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                                   zee_Age |  -.0059241   .0025956    -2.28   0.022    -.0110113   -.0008369
                                           |
                                    Gender |
                                1. FEMALE  |   -.029849   .0048257    -6.19   0.000    -.0393072   -.0203907
                                           |
                                 Education |
                               1. Primary  |  -.0452778   .0069983    -6.47   0.000    -.0589942   -.0315614
                             2. Secondary  |  -.0189671   .0063602    -2.98   0.003    -.0314328   -.0065014
                                           |
                      zee_Household_Income |   .0395736   .0026017    15.21   0.000     .0344744    .0446728
                       zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0516402   .0025419    20.32   0.000     .0466581    .0566223
                    zee_political_efficacy |   .0670605    .002514    26.68   0.000     .0621333    .0719878
                            zee_Congruence |   .0289039   .0026725    10.82   0.000      .023666    .0341418
                                           |
                      party_identification |
                         Close to a party  |   .0741238    .005206    14.24   0.000     .0639203    .0843273
                                           |
                             Winner_PM_Cat |
       2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .1011994   .0207365     4.88   0.000     .0605565    .1418422
       3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .2079281   .0117797    17.65   0.000     .1848403    .2310159
                                           |
                              GOVFRAC_mean |  -.4062508   .1497587    -2.71   0.007    -.6997725   -.1127292
                                           |
              Winner_PM_Cat#c.GOVFRAC_mean |
       2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |  -.0734109   .0429749    -1.71   0.088    -.1576401    .0108183
       3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |  -.1771514   .0300727    -5.89   0.000    -.2360928   -.1182101
                                           |
                 zee_repesentation_deficit |   .0104313   .0042519     2.45   0.014     .0020976    .0187649
                              GOVFRAC_mean |          0  (omitted)
                                           |
c.zee_repesentation_deficit#c.GOVFRAC_mean |  -.1638343   .0178454    -9.18   0.000    -.1988106   -.1288579
                                           |
                      zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.1084925   .0354883    -3.06   0.002    -.1780483   -.0389367
                                           |
                                    regime |
                                        1  |  -.0794824   .0675125    -1.18   0.239    -.2118044    .0528397
                                        2  |   .0862847   .0852031     1.01   0.311    -.0807103    .2532798
                                           |
                       zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1632434   .0494975     3.30   0.001       .06623    .2602567
                      zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0949795   .0273574     3.47   0.001       .04136     .148599
                         zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1263064   .0446768     2.83   0.005     .0387414    .2138714
                                     _cons |   2.796726   .0674177    41.48   0.000      2.66459    2.928862
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0184346   .0072982      .0084848     .040052
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0245452   .0047011      .0168631    .0357268
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4806637   .0023472      .4760852    .4852862
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  4986.45   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. 
. margins, dydx(Winner_PM_Cat) at(GOVFRAC_mean=(0 (0.1) 0.8)) vsquish atmeans 

Conditional marginal effects                      Number of obs   =      83968

Expression   : Linear prediction, fixed portion, predict()
dy/dx w.r.t. : 2.Winner_PM_Cat 3.Winner_PM_Cat
1._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =           0
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
2._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .1
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
3._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .2
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
4._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .3
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
5._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .4
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
6._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .5
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
7._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .6
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
8._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .7
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
9._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .8
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                 |            Delta-method
                 |      dy/dx   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
2.Winner_PM_Cat  |
             _at |
              1  |   .1011994   .0207365     4.88   0.000     .0605565    .1418422
              2  |   .0938583   .0168716     5.56   0.000     .0607906    .1269259
              3  |   .0865172   .0132752     6.52   0.000     .0604982    .1125362
              4  |   .0791761   .0102348     7.74   0.000     .0591162    .0992359
              5  |    .071835    .008379     8.57   0.000     .0554125    .0882575
              6  |   .0644939   .0085205     7.57   0.000     .0477939    .0811939
              7  |   .0571528   .0105797     5.40   0.000     .0364171    .0778886
              8  |   .0498117   .0137184     3.63   0.000     .0229241    .0766994
              9  |   .0424707   .0173608     2.45   0.014      .008444    .0764973
-----------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
3.Winner_PM_Cat  |
             _at |
              1  |   .2079281   .0117797    17.65   0.000     .1848403    .2310159
              2  |    .190213     .00946    20.11   0.000     .1716718    .2087542
              3  |   .1724978    .007636    22.59   0.000     .1575316    .1874641
              4  |   .1547827    .006724    23.02   0.000     .1416039    .1679615
              5  |   .1370675   .0070855    19.34   0.000     .1231803    .1509548
              6  |   .1193524   .0085605    13.94   0.000     .1025741    .1361307
              7  |   .1016372   .0106981     9.50   0.000     .0806694    .1226051
              8  |   .0839221   .0131796     6.37   0.000     .0580906    .1097536
              9  |    .066207   .0158443     4.18   0.000     .0351527    .0972612
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: dy/dx for factor levels is the discrete change from the base level.

. marginsplot, recast(line) recastci(rarea) yline(0)

  Variables that uniquely identify margins: GOVFRAC_mean _deriv

. graph save "Figure 3_Winning and Losing.gph", replace
(file Figure 3_Winning and Losing.gph saved)

. 
. margins, dydx(zee_repesentation_deficit) at(GOVFRAC_mean=(0 (0.1) 0.8)) vsquish atmeans 

Conditional marginal effects                      Number of obs   =      83968

Expression   : Linear prediction, fixed portion, predict()
dy/dx w.r.t. : zee_repesentation_deficit
1._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =           0
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
2._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .1
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
3._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .2
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
4._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .3
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
5._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .4
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
6._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .5
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
7._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .6
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
8._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .7
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)
9._at        : zee_Age         =   -5.84e-08 (mean)
               0.Gender        =    .5093845 (mean)
               1.Gender        =    .4906155 (mean)
               1.Education     =    .3574219 (mean)
               2.Education     =    .3534561 (mean)
               3.Education     =     .289122 (mean)
               zee_Househ~e    =    9.00e-08 (mean)
               zee_Left_R~f    =   -8.63e-08 (mean)
               zee_politi~y    =    9.74e-08 (mean)
               zee_Congru~e    =    5.93e-08 (mean)
               0.party_id~n    =    .4176234 (mean)
               1.party_id~n    =    .5823766 (mean)
               1.Winner_P~t    =    .4658441 (mean)
               2.Winner_P~t    =     .169505 (mean)
               3.Winner_P~t    =    .3646508 (mean)
               GOVFRAC_mean    =          .8
               zee_repese~t    =   -7.76e-09 (mean)
               zee_Gallag~n    =    5.41e-08 (mean)
               0.regime        =    .5889744 (mean)
               1.regime        =    .2255859 (mean)
               2.regime        =    .1854397 (mean)
               zee_gpd_pe~n    =   -2.65e-08 (mean)
               zee_growth~n    =   -1.22e-09 (mean)
               zee_icrg_q~n    =   -1.15e-07 (mean)

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                          |            Delta-method
                          |      dy/dx   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
--------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
zee_repesentation_deficit |
                      _at |
                       1  |   .0104313   .0042519     2.45   0.014     .0020976    .0187649
                       2  |  -.0059522   .0034236    -1.74   0.082    -.0126623    .0007579
                       3  |  -.0223356   .0034252    -6.52   0.000    -.0290488   -.0156224
                       4  |   -.038719   .0042558    -9.10   0.000    -.0470603   -.0303778
                       5  |  -.0551024   .0055553    -9.92   0.000    -.0659906   -.0442143
                       6  |  -.0714859   .0070696   -10.11   0.000    -.0853421   -.0576296
                       7  |  -.0878693   .0086872   -10.11   0.000    -.1048959   -.0708427
                       8  |  -.1042527   .0103597   -10.06   0.000    -.1245575    -.083948
                       9  |  -.1206361   .0120644   -10.00   0.000     -.144282   -.0969903
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. marginsplot, recast(line) recastci(rarea) yline(0)

  Variables that uniquely identify margins: GOVFRAC_mean

. graph save "Figure 3_Representation Deficit.gph", replace
(file Figure 3_Representation Deficit.gph saved)

. 
. *******************************************************************************
. *** Table E: Electoral System and Average District Magnitude (CSES Dataset) ***
. *******************************************************************************
. *** Model 10 (Electoral System)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit i.g
> ol_est  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88633.736  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88633.736  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(19)      =   3823.88
Log likelihood = -88633.736                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054937   .0025957    -2.12   0.034    -.0105812   -.0004063
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297511   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0392144   -.0202878
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450172   .0070024    -6.43   0.000    -.0587418   -.0312927
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0181086    .006363    -2.85   0.004    -.0305797   -.0056374
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400868   .0026009    15.41   0.000     .0349891    .0451846
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521955   .0025337    20.60   0.000     .0472295    .0571616
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673622   .0025147    26.79   0.000     .0624334     .072291
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277306   .0026707    10.38   0.000     .0224961    .0329651
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0737126   .0052084    14.15   0.000     .0635043    .0839209
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0734174   .0081004     9.06   0.000     .0575409    .0892939
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1575367   .0066279    23.77   0.000     .1445462    .1705273
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0166988   .0031033    -5.38   0.000    -.0227811   -.0106164
                                    |
                            gol_est |
                      Proportional  |  -.0668435   .0992811    -0.67   0.501     -.261431    .1277439
                             Mixed  |  -.2440672     .12953    -1.88   0.060    -.4979413     .009807
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0781384   .0757519    -1.03   0.302    -.2266094    .0703327
                                 2  |    .177995   .0934425     1.90   0.057    -.0051489    .3611389
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .0755798   .0606543     1.25   0.213    -.0433004    .1944601
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0310352   .0355962     0.87   0.383    -.0387322    .1008025
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1594441   .0511046     3.12   0.002     .0592809    .2596072
                              _cons |   2.726442   .0915663    29.78   0.000     2.546975    2.905908
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0250183   .0088875      .0124703    .0501923
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |    .024762   .0047518      .0169998    .0360686
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811766   .0023497      .4765933    .4858041
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  5616.55   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table E.out",   replace ctitle(Model 10)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88633.74     23     177313.5    177528.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0471192   .0160663      .0239359    .0906709
        country_year|country |   .0937558   .0152292      .0678675    .1281616
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 11 (Average District Magnitude)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _tier1_avemag_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood =  -88634.92  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood =  -88634.92  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(18)      =   3817.46
Log likelihood =  -88634.92                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054821   .0025957    -2.11   0.035    -.0105696   -.0003947
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297427   .0048283    -6.16   0.000     -.039206   -.0202794
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450625   .0070024    -6.44   0.000     -.058787    -.031338
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0180938   .0063627    -2.84   0.004    -.0305645   -.0056231
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400836   .0026009    15.41   0.000     .0349859    .0451814
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521876   .0025337    20.60   0.000     .0472215    .0571536
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673662   .0025147    26.79   0.000     .0624375    .0722949
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277172   .0026707    10.38   0.000     .0224827    .0329517
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |    .073736   .0052083    14.16   0.000     .0635279    .0839442
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0733852   .0080995     9.06   0.000     .0575104      .08926
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |    .157467    .006628    23.76   0.000     .1444764    .1704575
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0166981   .0031031    -5.38   0.000      -.02278   -.0106162
              zee_tier1_avemag_mean |   -.041389   .0354081    -1.17   0.242    -.1107875    .0280096
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0719861   .0773097    -0.93   0.352    -.2235104    .0795382
                                 2  |   .1350972   .0964799     1.40   0.161    -.0539999    .3241942
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1378055   .0541301     2.55   0.011     .0317125    .2438985
               zee_growth_rate_mean |    .073266   .0302231     2.42   0.015     .0140297    .1325022
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1372702   .0503518     2.73   0.006     .0385825    .2359579
                              _cons |   2.642783   .0473584    55.80   0.000     2.549963    2.735604
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0276574   .0094591      .0141479    .0540668
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |    .024681   .0047303      .0169521    .0359338
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811766   .0023497      .4765932     .485804
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  6010.52   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table E.out",   append ctitle(Model 11)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88634.92     22     177313.8    177519.3
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0518399   .0169296      .0270819    .0969753
        country_year|country |   .0981011   .0160558      .0708191    .1343732
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. **********************************************************************************************************
. *** Table G: Party/Government System Fractionalization and Electoral Disproportionality (CSES Dataset) ***
. **********************************************************************************************************
. *** Model 19 (Gallagher Index)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88634.649  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88634.649  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(18)      =   3818.27
Log likelihood = -88634.649                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054705   .0025957    -2.11   0.035    -.0105579    -.000383
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297315   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0391948   -.0202682
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450609   .0070024    -6.44   0.000    -.0587853   -.0313365
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0181582   .0063627    -2.85   0.004    -.0306289   -.0056875
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400797   .0026009    15.41   0.000      .034982    .0451775
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521796   .0025337    20.59   0.000     .0472136    .0571456
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673243   .0025148    26.77   0.000     .0623954    .0722532
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277475   .0026707    10.39   0.000      .022513    .0329821
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |    .073758   .0052083    14.16   0.000     .0635498    .0839661
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0731793   .0081001     9.03   0.000     .0573035    .0890552
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1573782   .0066284    23.74   0.000     .1443868    .1703696
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0168247   .0031041    -5.42   0.000    -.0229086   -.0107408
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.0478131   .0345552    -1.38   0.166    -.1155401    .0199138
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0682826   .0769882    -0.89   0.375    -.2191767    .0826115
                                 2  |   .1557372   .0945936     1.65   0.100    -.0296629    .3411374
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1216032   .0546939     2.22   0.026     .0144051    .2288014
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0691068    .029823     2.32   0.020     .0106548    .1275589
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1395181    .050215     2.78   0.005     .0410986    .2379375
                              _cons |   2.637469   .0470263    56.08   0.000     2.545299    2.729639
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0275601   .0092986      .0142263    .0533915
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0245225   .0046716      .0168814    .0356223
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811765   .0023497      .4765931    .4858039
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  6032.14   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table G.out",   replace ctitle(Model 19)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88634.65     22     177313.3    177518.7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0516825   .0166473      .0272441    .0958816
        country_year|country |   .0976686    .015914      .0706122    .1336019
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 20 (Gallagher Index squared)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _Gallagindex_mean zee_GALLAGH_sq_mean i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88633.147  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88633.147  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(19)      =   3824.72
Log likelihood = -88633.147                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054617   .0025957    -2.10   0.035    -.0105492   -.0003743
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297273   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0391905    -.020264
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450561   .0070022    -6.43   0.000    -.0587802   -.0313321
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0181534   .0063626    -2.85   0.004    -.0306239   -.0056829
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400831   .0026009    15.41   0.000     .0349854    .0451808
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521615   .0025337    20.59   0.000     .0471955    .0571275
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673262   .0025148    26.77   0.000     .0623974     .072255
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277512   .0026707    10.39   0.000     .0225167    .0329857
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0737707   .0052083    14.16   0.000     .0635626    .0839787
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0731647   .0080997     9.03   0.000     .0572896    .0890398
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1574089   .0066283    23.75   0.000     .1444177    .1704002
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0168167    .003104    -5.42   0.000    -.0229004   -.0107329
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.2673654    .129782    -2.06   0.039    -.5217336   -.0129973
                zee_GALLAGH_sq_mean |   .2170637    .123849     1.75   0.080    -.0256759    .4598033
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0456801   .0760034    -0.60   0.548    -.1946441    .1032839
                                 2  |    .140237   .0923655     1.52   0.129    -.0407961    .3212701
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1138883   .0533676     2.13   0.033     .0092897    .2184869
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0652221   .0290899     2.24   0.025      .008207    .1222372
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1205097   .0500606     2.41   0.016     .0223927    .2186267
                              _cons |   2.632804    .045791    57.50   0.000     2.543055    2.722553
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |    .025577   .0085545      .0132788    .0492654
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0241483   .0045417      .0167031    .0349123
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811765   .0023497      .4765931    .4858039
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  5815.10   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table G.out",   append ctitle(Model 20)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88633.15     23     177312.3    177527.1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0481766   .0154295      .0255062    .0891534
        country_year|country |   .0936621    .015044      .0680485    .1275967
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 21 (ENEP)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _ENEP1_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88633.882  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88633.882  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(18)      =   3822.51
Log likelihood = -88633.882                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054915   .0025957    -2.12   0.034    -.0105789    -.000404
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297632   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0392265   -.0202999
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450177   .0070022    -6.43   0.000    -.0587419   -.0312936
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0180404   .0063627    -2.84   0.005    -.0305112   -.0055697
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400921   .0026009    15.41   0.000     .0349943    .0451898
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521652   .0025337    20.59   0.000     .0471992    .0571312
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673776   .0025147    26.79   0.000     .0624489    .0723063
                     zee_Congruence |    .027705   .0026707    10.37   0.000     .0224705    .0329395
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0736933   .0052084    14.15   0.000     .0634851    .0839015
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0736021   .0081006     9.09   0.000     .0577252    .0894789
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |    .157459   .0066279    23.76   0.000     .1444686    .1704494
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0166667    .003103    -5.37   0.000    -.0227485   -.0105848
                     zee_ENEP1_mean |  -.0533744   .0282711    -1.89   0.059    -.1087848     .002036
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0830229   .0757538    -1.10   0.273    -.2314977    .0654519
                                 2  |   .1603418   .0925491     1.73   0.083    -.0210511    .3417346
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1454288   .0530492     2.74   0.006     .0414544    .2494033
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0802066   .0298831     2.68   0.007     .0216368    .1387764
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1287248   .0494652     2.60   0.009     .0317748    .2256748
                              _cons |   2.644181   .0460578    57.41   0.000     2.553909    2.734453
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0257566   .0089794      .0130058    .0510081
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0245924   .0047065      .0169005    .0357852
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811767   .0023497      .4765934    .4858042
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  5766.49   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table G.out",   append ctitle(Model 21)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88633.88     22     177311.8    177517.2
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0484578   .0161885      .0249526    .0920155
        country_year|country |   .0947254   .0154054      .0685383    .1295269
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 22 (ENEP squared)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _ENEP1_mean zee_ENEP1_sq_mean i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88632.821  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88632.821  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(19)      =   3828.32
Log likelihood = -88632.821                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054727   .0025957    -2.11   0.035    -.0105602   -.0003853
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297666   .0048283    -6.17   0.000    -.0392299   -.0203033
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450313   .0070021    -6.43   0.000    -.0587552   -.0313073
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0179527   .0063629    -2.82   0.005    -.0304238   -.0054816
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400855   .0026009    15.41   0.000     .0349878    .0451833
                zee_Left_Right_Self |    .052138   .0025337    20.58   0.000      .047172    .0571041
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673705   .0025147    26.79   0.000     .0624419    .0722992
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277154   .0026707    10.38   0.000     .0224809    .0329498
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0736569   .0052084    14.14   0.000     .0634486    .0838651
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0737622   .0081012     9.11   0.000     .0578843    .0896402
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1574332   .0066278    23.75   0.000     .1444429    .1704235
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0166836    .003103    -5.38   0.000    -.0227654   -.0106018
                     zee_ENEP1_mean |  -.2561974    .140013    -1.83   0.067    -.5306178    .0182229
                  zee_ENEP1_sq_mean |   .1996106   .1350844     1.48   0.139      -.06515    .4643712
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0750003     .07386    -1.02   0.310    -.2197632    .0697625
                                 2  |   .1068223   .0963739     1.11   0.268     -.082067    .2957117
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |    .159342   .0524166     3.04   0.002     .0566074    .2620765
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0849987     .02926     2.90   0.004     .0276501    .1423473
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1318638   .0482578     2.73   0.006     .0372802    .2264474
                              _cons |   2.652598   .0450417    58.89   0.000     2.564318    2.740878
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0236534   .0084829      .0117118    .0477708
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0246208   .0047085      .0169245    .0358169
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811766   .0023497      .4765932     .485804
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  5720.04   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table G.out",   append ctitle(Model 22)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88632.82     23     177311.6    177526.4
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0446753   .0154159        .02252    .0866939
        country_year|country |   .0911779   .0147031      .0661677    .1243822
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 23 (ENEP, Gallagher Index)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _ENEP1_mean  zee_Gallagindex_mean i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88631.862  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88631.862  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(19)      =   3833.37
Log likelihood = -88631.862                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054788   .0025956    -2.11   0.035    -.0105662   -.0003914
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297574   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0392207   -.0202941
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450414    .007002    -6.43   0.000    -.0587652   -.0313177
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0180687   .0063627    -2.84   0.005    -.0305393   -.0055981
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400831   .0026009    15.41   0.000     .0349854    .0451808
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521497   .0025337    20.58   0.000     .0471839    .0571156
             zee_political_efficacy |    .067331   .0025148    26.77   0.000     .0624021    .0722598
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277418   .0026707    10.39   0.000     .0225073    .0329763
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0737123   .0052083    14.15   0.000     .0635042    .0839203
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0734253   .0081005     9.06   0.000     .0575486     .089302
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1572663   .0066284    23.73   0.000     .1442749    .1702578
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0168213    .003104    -5.42   0.000    -.0229051   -.0107375
                     zee_ENEP1_mean |  -.0682416   .0278336    -2.45   0.014    -.1227945   -.0136888
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.0685275   .0332761    -2.06   0.039    -.1337475   -.0033076
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0927867   .0721465    -1.29   0.198    -.2341912    .0486178
                                 2  |   .1571149   .0880448     1.78   0.074    -.0154498    .3296797
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1308637   .0509639     2.57   0.010     .0309764    .2307511
               zee_growth_rate_mean |    .085364   .0285723     2.99   0.003     .0293633    .1413646
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1251687   .0472412     2.65   0.008     .0325776    .2177597
                              _cons |   2.647165   .0437294    60.54   0.000     2.561457    2.732873
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0221567     .00808      .0108416    .0452809
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0245133   .0046759      .0168669     .035626
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811767   .0023497      .4765933    .4858041
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  5499.64   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table G.out",   append ctitle(Model 23)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88631.86     23     177309.7    177524.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0419756   .0147686      .0208856    .0825662
        country_year|country |   .0884158   .0141618      .0643133    .1203888
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 24 (ENEP * Gallagher Index)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _ENEP1_mean  zee_Gallagindex_mean zee_ENEP1_gallager_mean i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88631.828  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88631.828  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(20)      =   3833.56
Log likelihood = -88631.828                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054774   .0025957    -2.11   0.035    -.0105648   -.0003901
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297565   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0392198   -.0202933
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450444    .007002    -6.43   0.000    -.0587681   -.0313206
                      2. Secondary  |   -.018066   .0063627    -2.84   0.005    -.0305367   -.0055954
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400845   .0026009    15.41   0.000     .0349867    .0451822
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521463   .0025337    20.58   0.000     .0471804    .0571123
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673292   .0025148    26.77   0.000     .0624003     .072258
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277414   .0026707    10.39   0.000     .0225068    .0329759
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0737133   .0052083    14.15   0.000     .0635053    .0839214
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0734206   .0081005     9.06   0.000     .0575439    .0892973
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |    .157269   .0066284    23.73   0.000     .1442775    .1702604
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0168197    .003104    -5.42   0.000    -.0229035   -.0107359
                     zee_ENEP1_mean |  -.0593521   .0441027    -1.35   0.178    -.1457918    .0270876
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.0441707   .0994825    -0.44   0.657    -.2391529    .1508114
            zee_ENEP1_gallager_mean |  -.0249634   .0961024    -0.26   0.795    -.2133206    .1633938
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0906181    .072579    -1.25   0.212    -.2328703    .0516341
                                 2  |   .1616452   .0897453     1.80   0.072    -.0142523    .3375427
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1287001   .0516016     2.49   0.013     .0275628    .2298374
               zee_growth_rate_mean |      .0857   .0285777     3.00   0.003     .0296888    .1417113
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1258608    .047284     2.66   0.008     .0331859    .2185358
                              _cons |   2.645718   .0440523    60.06   0.000     2.559377    2.732059
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0220966   .0080634      .0108071    .0451796
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0245148   .0046753      .0168691    .0356258
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811766   .0023497      .4765933    .4858041
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  5494.64   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table G.out",   append ctitle(Model 24)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88631.83     24     177311.7    177535.8
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0418664   .0147417      .0208203    .0823966
        country_year|country |   .0883145   .0141396      .0642487    .1202366
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 25 (Government Fractionalization)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _GOVFRAC_mean i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88634.039  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88634.039  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(18)      =   3822.05
Log likelihood = -88634.039                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054744   .0025957    -2.11   0.035    -.0105618    -.000387
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297481   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0392114   -.0202849
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450269   .0070023    -6.43   0.000    -.0587511   -.0313027
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0180407   .0063628    -2.84   0.005    -.0305115   -.0055699
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400994   .0026009    15.42   0.000     .0350017    .0451971
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521899   .0025337    20.60   0.000     .0472239    .0571559
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673947   .0025147    26.80   0.000     .0624658    .0723235
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277013   .0026707    10.37   0.000     .0224668    .0329358
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0737217   .0052083    14.15   0.000     .0635136    .0839298
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0736794   .0081017     9.09   0.000     .0578002    .0895585
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |     .15752   .0066279    23.77   0.000     .1445295    .1705104
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0166387   .0031032    -5.36   0.000    -.0227209   -.0105565
                   zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.0573805   .0318611    -1.80   0.072    -.1198272    .0050661
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0654709   .0753171    -0.87   0.385    -.2130897    .0821478
                                 2  |   .1231434   .0942138     1.31   0.191    -.0615123    .3077992
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1625541   .0550736     2.95   0.003     .0546118    .2704963
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0800588   .0299689     2.67   0.008     .0213208    .1387968
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1329623   .0493387     2.69   0.007     .0362603    .2296643
                              _cons |   2.643883   .0461064    57.34   0.000     2.553516     2.73425
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |    .025796   .0090512      .0129683     .051312
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0246901    .004737      .0169516    .0359611
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811767   .0023497      .4765934    .4858042
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  5722.47   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table G.out",   append ctitle(Model 25)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88634.04     22     177312.1    177517.5
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0485194   .0163152      .0248745    .0925083
        country_year|country |   .0949588     .01547      .0686674    .1299124
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 26 (Government Fractionalization * Gallagher Index)
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _GOVFRAC_mean  zee_Gallagindex_mean zee_govfrac_GALLAGH_mean i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88629.885  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88629.885  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(20)      =   3846.29
Log likelihood = -88629.885                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054307   .0025957    -2.09   0.036    -.0105182   -.0003432
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297284   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0391917   -.0202651
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0450546   .0070018    -6.43   0.000    -.0587779   -.0313314
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0180358   .0063626    -2.83   0.005    -.0305062   -.0055654
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0401003   .0026009    15.42   0.000     .0350026     .045198
                zee_Left_Right_Self |    .052178   .0025336    20.59   0.000     .0472123    .0571438
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673508   .0025148    26.78   0.000      .062422    .0722797
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277467   .0026707    10.39   0.000     .0225122    .0329812
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0737781   .0052083    14.17   0.000     .0635701    .0839862
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0736446   .0081011     9.09   0.000     .0577668    .0895224
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1572649   .0066284    23.73   0.000     .1442735    .1702564
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |   -.016836    .003104    -5.42   0.000    -.0229198   -.0107523
                   zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.0961843   .0552238    -1.74   0.082     -.204421    .0120523
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |   -.099253   .0434543    -2.28   0.022    -.1844218   -.0140841
           zee_govfrac_GALLAGH_mean |  -.0148031    .045191    -0.33   0.743    -.1033759    .0737697
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0720181   .0679922    -1.06   0.290    -.2052804    .0612442
                                 2  |   .0794287   .0870574     0.91   0.362    -.0912007    .2500581
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1604626   .0497542     3.23   0.001     .0629462    .2579791
               zee_growth_rate_mean |    .092943   .0275684     3.37   0.001     .0389099    .1469761
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1225934   .0453616     2.70   0.007     .0336863    .2115004
                              _cons |   2.652846   .0412932    64.24   0.000     2.571913    2.733779
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0184614   .0072773      .0085257     .039976
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0246399   .0047071      .0169445    .0358303
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |    .481177   .0023497      .4765936    .4858044
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  4988.42   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table G.out",   append ctitle(Model 26)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -88629.89     24     177307.8    177531.9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0352129   .0134898       .016484    .0736284
        country_year|country |   .0822107   .0129681      .0601123    .1114694
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. ***********************************************************************************************
. *** Table I: Government System Fractionalization (CSES Dataset, Parliamentary Systems Only) ***
. ***********************************************************************************************
. *** Keep only parliamentary systems, create temporary file of the used dataset
. save "CSES_temp.dta", replace
file CSES_temp.dta saved

. 
. drop if regime==2 // drop if Presidential
(15571 observations deleted)

. drop if regime==1 // drop if Semi-Presidential
(18942 observations deleted)

. 
. *** Model 28: Individual Level + Contextual Level
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance
note: 0.regime omitted because of collinearity

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -50478.343  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -50478.343  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     49455

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       18        301     2747.5       6297
   country_year |       50        226      989.1       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(17)      =   2341.88
Log likelihood = -50478.343                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0037248   .0032531    -1.14   0.252    -.0101007    .0026512
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0203177   .0060779    -3.34   0.001    -.0322302   -.0084053
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |  -.0580069   .0086142    -6.73   0.000    -.0748905   -.0411233
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0188976   .0077987    -2.42   0.015    -.0341828   -.0036124
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0407949   .0032086    12.71   0.000     .0345062    .0470837
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0441831   .0033423    13.22   0.000     .0376323     .050734
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0706411   .0032435    21.78   0.000      .064284    .0769981
                     zee_Congruence |   .0330774    .003546     9.33   0.000     .0261275    .0400274
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0610943   .0066424     9.20   0.000     .0480754    .0741131
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0448035   .0102731     4.36   0.000     .0246687    .0649383
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1420341   .0084848    16.74   0.000     .1254041    .1586641
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |   -.015848   .0038833    -4.08   0.000     -.023459   -.0082369
                   zee_GOVFRAC_mean |   -.130499   .0456673    -2.86   0.004    -.2200052   -.0409928
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.0726284   .0413793    -1.76   0.079    -.1537303    .0084736
                           0.regime |          0  (omitted)
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .2313441    .055251     4.19   0.000      .123054    .3396341
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .1155013   .0278462     4.15   0.000     .0609237    .1700789
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1948415   .0470598     4.14   0.000     .1026061     .287077
                              _cons |   2.677787   .0355553    75.31   0.000     2.608099    2.747474
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0124448   .0070037        .00413    .0374998
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0190991   .0049348      .0115101    .0316917
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4491086   .0028575      .4435428    .4547443
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  2273.38   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table I.out",   replace ctitle(Model 28)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  49455           .   -50478.34     21     100998.7    101183.7
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0258915   .0142677      .0086942    .0745475
        country_year|country |   .0656273   .0144288      .0424087    .1002276
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 29: Individual Level + Contextual Level + Cross-Level Interaction
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean c.zee_rep
> esentation_deficit##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance
note: zee_GOVFRAC_mean omitted because of collinearity
note: 0.regime omitted because of collinearity

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -50449.251  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -50449.251  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     49455

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       18        301     2747.5       6297
   country_year |       50        226      989.1       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(20)      =   2403.14
Log likelihood = -50449.251                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                                       zee_Age |  -.0044988   .0032531    -1.38   0.167    -.0108747    .0018771
                                               |
                                        Gender |
                                    1. FEMALE  |   -.020704   .0060748    -3.41   0.001    -.0326104   -.0087976
                                               |
                                     Education |
                                   1. Primary  |  -.0580928   .0086098    -6.75   0.000    -.0749678   -.0412179
                                 2. Secondary  |  -.0198773    .007796    -2.55   0.011    -.0351571   -.0045975
                                               |
                          zee_Household_Income |     .03991   .0032092    12.44   0.000     .0336201    .0461999
                           zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0416124   .0033616    12.38   0.000     .0350238    .0482011
                        zee_political_efficacy |   .0702152   .0032421    21.66   0.000     .0638608    .0765696
                                zee_Congruence |   .0336309   .0035478     9.48   0.000     .0266774    .0405844
                                               |
                          party_identification |
                             Close to a party  |   .0617504   .0066396     9.30   0.000     .0487371    .0747638
                                               |
                                 Winner_PM_Cat |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0283322   .0137277     2.06   0.039     .0014264    .0552379
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1422933   .0090054    15.80   0.000      .124643    .1599437
                                               |
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |   -.118731   .0457793    -2.59   0.009    -.2084569   -.0290051
                                               |
              Winner_PM_Cat#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0281462   .0166391     1.69   0.091    -.0044659    .0607582
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   -.035067   .0104684    -3.35   0.001    -.0555846   -.0145493
                                               |
                     zee_repesentation_deficit |   -.038273   .0054313    -7.05   0.000    -.0489181   -.0276279
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |          0  (omitted)
                                               |
c.zee_repesentation_deficit#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.0347372   .0048154    -7.21   0.000    -.0441752   -.0252992
                                               |
                          zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.0762794   .0412919    -1.85   0.065      -.15721    .0046511
                                      0.regime |          0  (omitted)
                           zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .2326249   .0551504     4.22   0.000      .124532    .3407177
                          zee_growth_rate_mean |   .1153259   .0277671     4.15   0.000     .0609033    .1697485
                             zee_icrg_qog_mean |    .196089   .0469134     4.18   0.000     .1041403    .2880376
                                         _cons |   2.683403   .0355249    75.54   0.000     2.613775     2.75303
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0125034   .0070077      .0041683    .0375057
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0187146   .0048509      .0112602    .0311038
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4485866   .0028542      .4430272    .4542156
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  2280.94   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. outreg2 using "Table I.out",   append ctitle(Model 29)  dec(2) onecol alpha(0.001,0.01,0.05) symbol(***,**,*)  sideway
dir : seeout

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  49455           .   -50449.25     24     100946.5    101157.9
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. estat icc

Residual intraclass correlation

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Level |        ICC   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
                     country |   .0260593   .0142982      .0087915    .0746883
        country_year|country |   .0650639   .0143877      .0419396    .0996128
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. use "CSES_temp.dta", clear // restore data

. 
. 
. ************************************************
. ************************************************
. *** End of Analysis Reported in the Article  ***
. ************************************************
. ************************************************
. 
. ***********************************************************************************
. *** Additional Robustness Checks mentioned in the Supplementary Online Appendix ***
. ***********************************************************************************
. *** Notes:      We performed three additional robustness checks for the results presented in Table 2 which we describe only in the Appendix. 
. ***             1.) Comparison of robust standard errors,
. ***                     2.) analysis the errors u0 (country intercept), control for influential cases at the country level
. ***                     3.) Estimation of an ordered probit multilevel regression
. 
. ******************************************
. *** Table 2: 1.)Robust Standard Errors ***
. ******************************************
. *** Model 6: Individual Level + Contextual Level
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle robust variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log pseudolikelihood = -88629.939  
Iteration 1:   log pseudolikelihood = -88629.939  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects regression                        Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(19)      =   1143.80
Log pseudolikelihood = -88629.939               Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

                                                      (Std. Err. adjusted for 38 clusters in country)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                    |               Robust
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054375   .0090834    -0.60   0.549    -.0232406    .0123657
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |   -.029733   .0071378    -4.17   0.000    -.0437228   -.0157433
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |   -.045059   .0135672    -3.32   0.001    -.0716502   -.0184679
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0180348   .0075374    -2.39   0.017    -.0328079   -.0032617
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400971   .0043763     9.16   0.000     .0315197    .0486744
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521834   .0113141     4.61   0.000     .0300081    .0743587
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673499   .0065249    10.32   0.000     .0545613    .0801384
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277493   .0070689     3.93   0.000     .0138945    .0416041
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0737649   .0122214     6.04   0.000     .0498115    .0977184
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0736436   .0231486     3.18   0.001     .0282733    .1190139
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1572494   .0233058     6.75   0.000     .1115709    .2029278
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0168376   .0154012    -1.09   0.274    -.0470233    .0133481
                   zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.1105396   .0337855    -3.27   0.001    -.1767581   -.0443212
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |   -.107447    .047706    -2.25   0.024    -.2009491    -.013945
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0744129   .0671165    -1.11   0.268    -.2059589    .0571331
                                 2  |   .0852095   .0833295     1.02   0.307    -.0781134    .2485324
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |    .161925   .0508135     3.19   0.001     .0623324    .2615177
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0939672   .0258232     3.64   0.000     .0433547    .1445797
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1250838   .0498111     2.51   0.012     .0274558    .2227117
                              _cons |   2.652555    .045077    58.85   0.000     2.564206    2.740904
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             |               Robust           
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0185107   .0063736      .0094263    .0363501
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0246538   .0064321      .0147846    .0411111
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |    .481177   .0239856      .4363895    .5305611
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *** Model 7: Individual Level + Contextual Level + Cross-Level 
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean c.zee_rep
> esentation_deficit##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle robust variance
note: zee_GOVFRAC_mean omitted because of collinearity

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log pseudolikelihood =  -88584.97  
Iteration 1:   log pseudolikelihood =  -88584.97  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects regression                        Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(22)      =   1451.81
Log pseudolikelihood =  -88584.97               Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

                                                                 (Std. Err. adjusted for 38 clusters in country)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               |               Robust
                                           SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                                       zee_Age |  -.0059241   .0089709    -0.66   0.509    -.0235067    .0116585
                                               |
                                        Gender |
                                    1. FEMALE  |   -.029849   .0071466    -4.18   0.000    -.0438561   -.0158418
                                               |
                                     Education |
                                   1. Primary  |  -.0452778   .0136832    -3.31   0.001    -.0720964   -.0184591
                                 2. Secondary  |  -.0189671   .0075648    -2.51   0.012    -.0337938   -.0041404
                                               |
                          zee_Household_Income |   .0395736   .0042467     9.32   0.000     .0312502     .047897
                           zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0516402   .0109526     4.71   0.000     .0301735    .0731069
                        zee_political_efficacy |   .0670605   .0065103    10.30   0.000     .0543006    .0798205
                                zee_Congruence |   .0289039   .0070403     4.11   0.000     .0151051    .0427027
                                               |
                          party_identification |
                             Close to a party  |   .0741238   .0123757     5.99   0.000     .0498679    .0983796
                                               |
                                 Winner_PM_Cat |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0768969   .0321481     2.39   0.017     .0138878     .139906
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1492827   .0203848     7.32   0.000     .1093293    .1892361
                                               |
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.0913477   .0369516    -2.47   0.013    -.1637714   -.0189239
                                               |
              Winner_PM_Cat#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |  -.0165068   .0309544    -0.53   0.594    -.0771764    .0441627
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |  -.0398334   .0249947    -1.59   0.111    -.0888221    .0091552
                                               |
                     zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0438056   .0161165    -2.72   0.007    -.0753934   -.0122178
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |          0  (omitted)
                                               |
c.zee_repesentation_deficit#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |   -.036839   .0160765    -2.29   0.022    -.0683483   -.0053297
                                               |
                          zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.1084925   .0474067    -2.29   0.022    -.2014079   -.0155771
                                               |
                                        regime |
                                            1  |  -.0794824   .0666892    -1.19   0.233    -.2101908     .051226
                                            2  |   .0862847   .0830035     1.04   0.299    -.0763991    .2489686
                                               |
                           zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1632434   .0506943     3.22   0.001     .0638844    .2626023
                          zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0949795   .0256249     3.71   0.000     .0447556    .1452035
                             zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1263064   .0505213     2.50   0.012     .0272865    .2253264
                                         _cons |   2.662238   .0451135    59.01   0.000     2.573817    2.750659
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                             |               Robust           
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0184346   .0064419      .0092935    .0365666
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0245452   .0063664      .0147634    .0408081
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4806637   .0240105      .4358343    .5301041
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. 
. *******************************************
. *** Table 2: 2.) Analyzing u0 (Country) ***
. *******************************************
. *** Create temporary file of the used dataset
. save "CSES_temp.dta", replace
file CSES_temp.dta saved

. 
. ************************************************
. *** Model 6: Individual Level + Contextual Level
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88629.939  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88629.939  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(19)      =   3846.02
Log likelihood = -88629.939                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0054375   .0025956    -2.09   0.036    -.0105248   -.0003501
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |   -.029733   .0048283    -6.16   0.000    -.0391963   -.0202698
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |   -.045059   .0070018    -6.44   0.000    -.0587823   -.0313358
                      2. Secondary  |  -.0180348   .0063626    -2.83   0.005    -.0305052   -.0055644
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400971   .0026009    15.42   0.000     .0349994    .0451947
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521834   .0025336    20.60   0.000     .0472177     .057149
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673499   .0025148    26.78   0.000      .062421    .0722787
                     zee_Congruence |   .0277493   .0026707    10.39   0.000     .0225148    .0329837
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |   .0737649   .0052081    14.16   0.000     .0635572    .0839727
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0736436   .0081011     9.09   0.000     .0577658    .0895214
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1572494   .0066283    23.72   0.000     .1442582    .1702405
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0168376    .003104    -5.42   0.000    -.0229213   -.0107538
                   zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.1105396   .0335947    -3.29   0.001    -.1763839   -.0446953
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |   -.107447    .035559    -3.02   0.003    -.1771413   -.0377528
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0744129   .0676512    -1.10   0.271    -.2070068     .058181
                                 2  |   .0852095   .0853652     1.00   0.318    -.0821032    .2525223
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |    .161925   .0495946     3.26   0.001     .0647214    .2591286
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0939672   .0274145     3.43   0.001     .0402357    .1476987
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1250838   .0447693     2.79   0.005     .0373375      .21283
                              _cons |   2.652555   .0413234    64.19   0.000     2.571563    2.733548
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0185107   .0073093      .0085371    .0401361
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0246538   .0047154      .0169465    .0358665
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |    .481177   .0023497      .4765936    .4858045
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  4996.33   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. 
. * Search for influential cases at the country level
. predict u_country u_election, reffects 

. sort u_country

. gen rank0= _n

. bysort country: egen secuencia0=seq()

. scatter u_country rank0 if secuencia0==1, mlabel(country) yline(0) // Denmark, Iceland, South Korea, Israel

. twoway (scatter u_country zee_GOVFRAC_mean  if secuencia0==1, mlabel(country) sort) (lfit u_country zee_GOVFRAC_mean if secuencia0==1, sort) 

. twoway (scatter u_country zee_Gallagindex_mean  if secuencia0==1, mlabel(country) sort) (lfit u_country zee_Gallagindex_mean if secuencia0==1, sort) 

. 
. * gen country dummies
. gen Denmark = 0

. replace Denmark = 1 if country=="Denmark"
(3819 real changes made)

. gen Israel = 0

. replace Israel = 1 if country=="Israel"
(1348 real changes made)

. gen South_Korea = 0

. replace South_Korea = 1 if country=="South Korea"
(1515 real changes made)

. gen Iceland = 0

. replace Iceland = 1 if country=="Iceland"
(4163 real changes made)

. 
. * Reestimate Model 6: Results are robust
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit zee
> _GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean ///
> Denmark Israel South_Korea Iceland || country: || country_year:  , mle variance

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88618.806  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88618.612  
Iteration 2:   log likelihood = -88618.588  
Iteration 3:   log likelihood = -88618.588  
Iteration 4:   log likelihood = -88618.588  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(23)      =   4009.27
Log likelihood = -88618.588                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                            zee_Age |  -.0055709   .0025954    -2.15   0.032    -.0106579   -.0004839
                                    |
                             Gender |
                         1. FEMALE  |  -.0297737   .0048282    -6.17   0.000    -.0392369   -.0203106
                                    |
                          Education |
                        1. Primary  |   -.044848   .0069996    -6.41   0.000     -.058567   -.0311291
                      2. Secondary  |   -.018345   .0063621    -2.88   0.004    -.0308145   -.0058755
                                    |
               zee_Household_Income |   .0400789   .0026009    15.41   0.000     .0349813    .0451766
                zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0521358   .0025328    20.58   0.000     .0471717       .0571
             zee_political_efficacy |   .0673483   .0025147    26.78   0.000     .0624195    .0722771
                     zee_Congruence |   .0278177   .0026706    10.42   0.000     .0225833     .033052
                                    |
               party_identification |
                  Close to a party  |    .073906   .0052072    14.19   0.000     .0637001    .0841119
                                    |
                      Winner_PM_Cat |
2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |    .073229   .0080979     9.04   0.000     .0573574    .0891006
3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1571176   .0066278    23.71   0.000     .1441274    .1701077
                                    |
          zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0169122   .0031041    -5.45   0.000    -.0229961   -.0108283
                   zee_GOVFRAC_mean |   -.106153   .0236748    -4.48   0.000    -.1525548   -.0597511
               zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.0833763   .0253603    -3.29   0.001    -.1330816    -.033671
                                    |
                             regime |
                                 1  |  -.0505746   .0477783    -1.06   0.290    -.1442184    .0430691
                                 2  |   .0966598    .059471     1.63   0.104    -.0199011    .2132207
                                    |
                zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1845375   .0339735     5.43   0.000     .1179507    .2511243
               zee_growth_rate_mean |   .1164243   .0188354     6.18   0.000     .0795077    .1533409
                  zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1096396   .0322394     3.40   0.001     .0464516    .1728277
                            Denmark |   .3747689   .1079057     3.47   0.001     .1632776    .5862603
                             Israel |  -.2602977   .1115796    -2.33   0.020    -.4789897   -.0416057
                        South_Korea |  -.3876511   .1147974    -3.38   0.001    -.6126499   -.1626524
                            Iceland |  -.2975323   .0911397    -3.26   0.001    -.4761628   -.1189018
                              _cons |   2.667377   .0272956    97.72   0.000     2.613879    2.720876
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   6.24e-11   5.16e-10      5.85e-18    .0006666
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0288639   .0043452      .0214889    .0387699
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4811789   .0023536       .476588     .485814
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  3178.83   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. 
. use "CSES_temp.dta", clear // restore data

. 
. **************************************************************
. *** Model 7: Individual Level + Contextual Level + Cross-Level 
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean c.zee_rep
> esentation_deficit##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  , mle variance
note: zee_GOVFRAC_mean omitted because of collinearity

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood =  -88584.97  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood =  -88584.97  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(22)      =   3940.39
Log likelihood =  -88584.97                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                                       zee_Age |  -.0059241   .0025956    -2.28   0.022    -.0110113   -.0008369
                                               |
                                        Gender |
                                    1. FEMALE  |   -.029849   .0048257    -6.19   0.000    -.0393072   -.0203907
                                               |
                                     Education |
                                   1. Primary  |  -.0452778   .0069983    -6.47   0.000    -.0589942   -.0315614
                                 2. Secondary  |  -.0189671   .0063602    -2.98   0.003    -.0314328   -.0065014
                                               |
                          zee_Household_Income |   .0395736   .0026017    15.21   0.000     .0344744    .0446728
                           zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0516402   .0025419    20.32   0.000     .0466581    .0566223
                        zee_political_efficacy |   .0670605    .002514    26.68   0.000     .0621333    .0719878
                                zee_Congruence |   .0289039   .0026725    10.82   0.000      .023666    .0341418
                                               |
                          party_identification |
                             Close to a party  |   .0741238    .005206    14.24   0.000     .0639203    .0843273
                                               |
                                 Winner_PM_Cat |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0768969   .0094907     8.10   0.000     .0582956    .0954983
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1492827   .0066952    22.30   0.000     .1361603     .162405
                                               |
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.0913477    .033674    -2.71   0.007    -.1573475   -.0253478
                                               |
              Winner_PM_Cat#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |  -.0165068   .0096631    -1.71   0.088    -.0354462    .0024326
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |  -.0398334    .006762    -5.89   0.000    -.0530867   -.0265802
                                               |
                     zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0438056   .0046248    -9.47   0.000      -.05287   -.0347412
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |          0  (omitted)
                                               |
c.zee_repesentation_deficit#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |   -.036839   .0040126    -9.18   0.000    -.0447036   -.0289744
                                               |
                          zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.1084925   .0354883    -3.06   0.002    -.1780483   -.0389367
                                               |
                                        regime |
                                            1  |  -.0794824   .0675125    -1.18   0.239    -.2118044    .0528397
                                            2  |   .0862847   .0852031     1.01   0.311    -.0807103    .2532798
                                               |
                           zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1632434   .0494975     3.30   0.001       .06623    .2602567
                          zee_growth_rate_mean |   .0949795   .0273574     3.47   0.001       .04136     .148599
                             zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .1263064   .0446768     2.83   0.005     .0387414    .2138714
                                         _cons |   2.662238   .0412558    64.53   0.000     2.581378    2.743097
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   .0184346   .0072982      .0084848     .040052
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0245452   .0047011      .0168631    .0357268
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4806637   .0023472      .4760852    .4852862
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  4986.45   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. 
. * Search for influential cases at the country level
. predict u_country u_election, reffects 

. sort u_country

. gen rank0= _n

. bysort country: egen secuencia0=seq()

. scatter u_country rank0 if secuencia0==1, mlabel(country) yline(0) // Denmark, Iceland, South Korea, Israel

. twoway (scatter u_country zee_GOVFRAC_mean  if secuencia0==1, mlabel(country) sort) (lfit u_country zee_GOVFRAC_mean if secuencia0==1, sort) 

. twoway (scatter u_country zee_Gallagindex_mean  if secuencia0==1, mlabel(country) sort) (lfit u_country zee_Gallagindex_mean if secuencia0==1, sort) 

. 
. * gen country dummies
. gen Denmark = 0

. replace Denmark = 1 if country=="Denmark"
(3819 real changes made)

. gen Israel = 0

. replace Israel = 1 if country=="Israel"
(1348 real changes made)

. gen South_Korea = 0

. replace South_Korea = 1 if country=="South Korea"
(1515 real changes made)

. gen Iceland = 0

. replace Iceland = 1 if country=="Iceland"
(4163 real changes made)

. gen United_Kingdom = 0

. replace United_Kingdom = 1 if country=="United Kingdom"
(2114 real changes made)

. 
. * Reestimate Model 7: Results are robust
. xtmixed  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean c.zee_rep
> esentation_deficit##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean ///
> Denmark Israel South_Korea Iceland United_Kingdom || country: || country_year:  , mle  variance
note: zee_GOVFRAC_mean omitted because of collinearity

Performing EM optimization: 

Performing gradient-based optimization: 

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -88570.829  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood =  -88570.56  
Iteration 2:   log likelihood = -88570.539  
Iteration 3:   log likelihood = -88570.539  

Computing standard errors:

Mixed-effects ML regression                     Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

                                                Wald chi2(27)      =   4127.65
Log likelihood = -88570.539                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                                       zee_Age |  -.0060726   .0025953    -2.34   0.019    -.0111593   -.0009859
                                               |
                                        Gender |
                                    1. FEMALE  |  -.0298738   .0048257    -6.19   0.000     -.039332   -.0204157
                                               |
                                     Education |
                                   1. Primary  |  -.0451734   .0069958    -6.46   0.000    -.0588849    -.031462
                                 2. Secondary  |  -.0193484   .0063596    -3.04   0.002    -.0318129   -.0068839
                                               |
                          zee_Household_Income |   .0395432   .0026016    15.20   0.000     .0344441    .0446423
                           zee_Left_Right_Self |   .0515882    .002541    20.30   0.000      .046608    .0565684
                        zee_political_efficacy |   .0670534   .0025139    26.67   0.000     .0621263    .0719805
                                zee_Congruence |   .0290018   .0026723    10.85   0.000     .0237641    .0342394
                                               |
                          party_identification |
                             Close to a party  |   .0743325   .0052049    14.28   0.000     .0641312    .0845339
                                               |
                                 Winner_PM_Cat |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .0768438   .0094862     8.10   0.000     .0582512    .0954365
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .1491236   .0066944    22.28   0.000     .1360029    .1622444
                                               |
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.0893642   .0231237    -3.86   0.000    -.1346858   -.0440427
                                               |
              Winner_PM_Cat#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |  -.0173057   .0096477    -1.79   0.073     -.036215    .0016035
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |  -.0398345   .0067598    -5.89   0.000    -.0530835   -.0265855
                                               |
                     zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0439818   .0046234    -9.51   0.000    -.0530435   -.0349201
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |          0  (omitted)
                                               |
c.zee_repesentation_deficit#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.0369533   .0040099    -9.22   0.000    -.0448125   -.0290941
                                               |
                          zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.1205558    .028155    -4.28   0.000    -.1757386    -.065373
                                               |
                                        regime |
                                            1  |  -.0459567   .0462486    -0.99   0.320    -.1366022    .0446888
                                            2  |   .0925225   .0575647     1.61   0.108    -.0203022    .2053473
                                               |
                           zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .1907895   .0328972     5.80   0.000     .1263122    .2552668
                          zee_growth_rate_mean |     .11782   .0182044     6.47   0.000       .08214    .1535001
                             zee_icrg_qog_mean |    .094143   .0317538     2.96   0.003     .0319066    .1563794
                                       Denmark |   .3664412   .1044897     3.51   0.000     .1616451    .5712372
                                        Israel |   -.261807    .108018    -2.42   0.015    -.4735183   -.0500956
                                   South_Korea |  -.3244961   .1129125    -2.87   0.004    -.5458006   -.1031916
                                       Iceland |  -.3028899   .0881757    -3.44   0.001    -.4757111   -.1300688
                                United_Kingdom |   .3755229    .143569     2.62   0.009     .0941328     .656913
                                         _cons |    2.66374   .0267697    99.51   0.000     2.611273    2.716208
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
  Random-effects Parameters  |   Estimate   Std. Err.     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country: Identity            |
                  var(_cons) |   1.98e-09   1.46e-08      9.84e-16    .0039744
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
country_year: Identity       |
                  var(_cons) |   .0269012   .0040148      .0200788    .0360418
-----------------------------+------------------------------------------------
               var(Residual) |   .4806657   .0023563      .4760696    .4853062
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. linear regression:       chi2(2) =  2907.44   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. 
. use "CSES_temp.dta", clear // restore data

. 
. ********************************************************
. *** Table 2: 3.)Ordered Probit Multilevel Regression ***
. ********************************************************
. *** Model 6: Individual Level + Contextual Level
. meologit  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat zee_repesentation_deficit ze
> e_GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year: 

Fitting fixed-effects model:

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -94871.457  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88534.546  
Iteration 2:   log likelihood = -88383.499  
Iteration 3:   log likelihood = -88383.056  
Iteration 4:   log likelihood = -88383.056  

Refining starting values:

Grid node 0:   log likelihood = -86081.241

Fitting full model:

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -86081.241  (not concave)
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -86065.672  (not concave)
Iteration 2:   log likelihood = -86050.322  (not concave)
Iteration 3:   log likelihood = -86044.067  (not concave)
Iteration 4:   log likelihood =  -86039.01  
Iteration 5:   log likelihood = -86029.176  
Iteration 6:   log likelihood = -85956.028  
Iteration 7:   log likelihood = -85928.881  
Iteration 8:   log likelihood = -85928.726  
Iteration 9:   log likelihood = -85928.725  

Mixed-effects ologit regression                 Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

Integration method: mvaghermite                 Integration points =         7

                                                Wald chi2(19)      =   3705.43
Log likelihood = -85928.725                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                 SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                             zee_Age |   -.013543   .0073722    -1.84   0.066    -.0279921    .0009062
                                     |
                              Gender |
                          1. FEMALE  |  -.1036013   .0136868    -7.57   0.000    -.1304269   -.0767756
                                     |
                           Education |
                         1. Primary  |  -.1212231   .0198629    -6.10   0.000    -.1601536   -.0822926
                       2. Secondary  |  -.0485739   .0180354    -2.69   0.007    -.0839226   -.0132252
                                     |
                zee_Household_Income |   .1122764   .0073993    15.17   0.000     .0977739    .1267788
                 zee_Left_Right_Self |   .1536261   .0072926    21.07   0.000     .1393328    .1679194
              zee_political_efficacy |   .1953848   .0071998    27.14   0.000     .1812734    .2094962
                      zee_Congruence |   .0723702   .0076256     9.49   0.000     .0574244    .0873161
                                     |
                party_identification |
                   Close to a party  |   .2084555   .0147589    14.12   0.000     .1795285    .2373825
                                     |
                       Winner_PM_Cat |
 2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .2147817   .0228811     9.39   0.000     .1699356    .2596279
 3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .4445815   .0188315    23.61   0.000     .4076723    .4814906
                                     |
           zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.0490932   .0087777    -5.59   0.000    -.0662972   -.0318892
                    zee_GOVFRAC_mean |   -.319937   .0925327    -3.46   0.001    -.5012977   -.1385764
                zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.3003232   .0977084    -3.07   0.002    -.4918283   -.1088182
                                     |
                              regime |
                                  1  |  -.2290169   .1865528    -1.23   0.220    -.5946537    .1366199
                                  2  |   .2419253   .2373099     1.02   0.308    -.2231935    .7070441
                                     |
                 zee_gpd_percap_mean |   .4559614   .1364884     3.34   0.001      .188449    .7234737
                zee_growth_rate_mean |   .2492366   .0753084     3.31   0.001     .1016348    .3968383
                   zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .3502866   .1237616     2.83   0.005     .1077183    .5928549
-------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                               /cut1 |  -2.713518   .1146793   -23.66   0.000    -2.938286   -2.488751
                               /cut2 |  -.6425239   .1140724    -5.63   0.000    -.8661016   -.4189462
                               /cut3 |   2.432426   .1144108    21.26   0.000     2.208185    2.656667
-------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
country                              |
                           var(_cons)|   .1372903   .0545485                      .0630141    .2991173
-------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
country>country_year                 |
                           var(_cons)|   .1903703   .0363052                      .1309991    .2766497
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. ologit regression:       chi2(2) =  4908.66   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -85928.72     24     171905.4    172129.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. 
. *** Model 7: Individual Level + Contextual Level + Cross-Level Interaction
. meologit  SWD zee_Age i.Gender b3.Education zee_Household_Income zee_Left_Right_Self zee_political_efficacy c.zee_Congruence i.party_identification  b1.Winner_PM_Cat##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean c.zee_re
> pesentation_deficit##c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean zee_Gallagindex_mean  i.regime zee_gpd_percap_mean zee_growth_rate_mean zee_icrg_qog_mean || country: || country_year:  

Fitting fixed-effects model:

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -94871.457  
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -88484.504  
Iteration 2:   log likelihood = -88330.326  
Iteration 3:   log likelihood = -88329.866  
Iteration 4:   log likelihood = -88329.866  

Refining starting values:

Grid node 0:   log likelihood = -86047.846

Fitting full model:

Iteration 0:   log likelihood = -86047.846  (not concave)
Iteration 1:   log likelihood = -85931.443  (not concave)
Iteration 2:   log likelihood = -85916.221  (not concave)
Iteration 3:   log likelihood = -85910.387  (not concave)
Iteration 4:   log likelihood = -85907.958  (not concave)
Iteration 5:   log likelihood = -85905.978  (not concave)
Iteration 6:   log likelihood = -85902.857  
Iteration 7:   log likelihood = -85896.893  
Iteration 8:   log likelihood = -85886.363  
Iteration 9:   log likelihood = -85883.259  
Iteration 10:  log likelihood = -85883.258  

Mixed-effects ologit regression                 Number of obs      =     83968

-----------------------------------------------------------
                |   No. of       Observations per Group
 Group Variable |   Groups    Minimum    Average    Maximum
----------------+------------------------------------------
        country |       38        301     2209.7       6297
   country_year |       96        226      874.7       2932
-----------------------------------------------------------

Integration method: mvaghermite                 Integration points =         7

                                                Wald chi2(22)      =   3793.59
Log likelihood = -85883.258                     Prob > chi2        =    0.0000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           SWD |      Coef.   Std. Err.      z    P>|z|     [95% Conf. Interval]
-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                                       zee_Age |  -.0147541   .0073766    -2.00   0.045    -.0292121   -.0002962
                                               |
                                        Gender |
                                    1. FEMALE  |  -.1039159   .0136894    -7.59   0.000    -.1307467   -.0770852
                                               |
                                     Education |
                                   1. Primary  |  -.1221749   .0198673    -6.15   0.000     -.161114   -.0832357
                                 2. Secondary  |  -.0513386   .0180427    -2.85   0.004    -.0867017   -.0159755
                                               |
                          zee_Household_Income |   .1109188   .0074059    14.98   0.000     .0964034    .1254341
                           zee_Left_Right_Self |   .1522417   .0073195    20.80   0.000     .1378957    .1665877
                        zee_political_efficacy |   .1948343    .007202    27.05   0.000     .1807185    .2089501
                                zee_Congruence |   .0759077   .0076356     9.94   0.000     .0609422    .0908732
                                               |
                          party_identification |
                             Close to a party  |   .2095349   .0147646    14.19   0.000     .1805968     .238473
                                               |
                                 Winner_PM_Cat |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |   .2257236   .0267294     8.44   0.000     .1733348    .2781123
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |   .4218104   .0190338    22.16   0.000     .3845048    .4591159
                                               |
                              zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.2661358   .0926852    -2.87   0.004    -.4477954   -.0844762
                                               |
              Winner_PM_Cat#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |
           2. Winner: Minor Coalition Partner  |  -.0487595   .0270806    -1.80   0.072    -.1018366    .0043175
           3. Winner: Party of Prime Minister  |  -.1121667    .019169    -5.85   0.000    -.1497372   -.0745961
                                               |
                     zee_repesentation_deficit |  -.1269233   .0131422    -9.66   0.000    -.1526816    -.101165
                                               |
c.zee_repesentation_deficit#c.zee_GOVFRAC_mean |  -.1052519   .0114057    -9.23   0.000    -.1276068   -.0828971
                                               |
                          zee_Gallagindex_mean |  -.3042212   .0974599    -3.12   0.002    -.4952392   -.1132033
                                               |
                                        regime |
                                            1  |  -.2431465   .1859117    -1.31   0.191    -.6075267    .1212338
                                            2  |   .2456152   .2366046     1.04   0.299    -.2181213    .7093517
                                               |
                           zee_gpd_percap_mean |    .460016   .1360901     3.38   0.001     .1932844    .7267476
                          zee_growth_rate_mean |    .252104    .075104     3.36   0.001     .1049028    .3993052
                             zee_icrg_qog_mean |   .3541648   .1234301     2.87   0.004     .1122462    .5960834
-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
                                         /cut1 |  -2.743068   .1143701   -23.98   0.000    -2.967229   -2.518907
                                         /cut2 |  -.6702895   .1137576    -5.89   0.000    -.8932503   -.4473286
                                         /cut3 |   2.406571   .1140848    21.09   0.000     2.182969    2.630173
-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
country                                        |
                                     var(_cons)|   .1361753   .0543869                      .0622498    .2978918
-----------------------------------------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
country>country_year                           |
                                     var(_cons)|   .1900243   .0362792                       .130707    .2762609
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LR test vs. ologit regression:       chi2(2) =  4893.21   Prob > chi2 = 0.0000

Note: LR test is conservative and provided only for reference.

. estat ic

Akaike's information criterion and Bayesian information criterion

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
       Model |    Obs    ll(null)   ll(model)     df          AIC         BIC
-------------+---------------------------------------------------------------
           . |  83968           .   -85883.26     27     171820.5    172072.6
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Note:  N=Obs used in calculating BIC; see [R] BIC note

. 
. ***************************************************************************
. *** Results for Table 2 are robust on every tested aspect, end analysis ***
. ***************************************************************************
. 
. log close CSES_Log
      name:  CSES_Log
       log:  C:\PSRM Replication Files\CSES_analysis_log.log
  log type:  text
 closed on:  16 May 2017, 12:32:50
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
